A Brief Note On Darwinism Pro And Cons - 1975 Words

Option 2: Darwinism Pro/Cons A heuristic is a mental process that is used to solve a specific problem. It is informal, intuitive and quick algorithm which brain uses to develop an estimate answer in response to a reasoning question. Mostly, heuristic is helpful because they permit to quickly make sense of a complex environment bur sometimes it is failing to correctly assess the world. When heuristics failed to develop a correct judgement, it sometimes results into cognitive bias. Bias is a tendency to draw an incorrect conclusion. The mismatch in our judgement and reality is the result of a bias. The heuristics are mainly used in the reasoning. The bias that heuristics can develop reflect the constraints of a reasoning system. Darwin explain heuristic and bias in the evolution in terms of genetic change, the notion of gradualism, changes occurring in many generations (sometimes they occur very quickly and subjected to the evolutionary pressures), the concept of speciation (in which, new speices developed from existing species, common ancestry of the various species, tracing of the new species on the common branch, finally a original ancestor), the mechanism of the natural selection, about different mixtures of the genes, which are reproduced in comparison to others more successfully as a result of the various abilities of the individual organism to survive and reproduce in the common environment, and about the presence of the some processes that contributed in evolutionaryShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesintroduction, Ittner and Larcker (2001) stated that the most striking observation that came to them in the course of their review of the empirical managament accounting literature is the extent to which research is driven by changes in practice. They note that this might mean that management accounting research has become more relevant, after having been criticized for its irrelevance in the 1980s. However, the faddish nature of management accounting research has not encouraged theoretical integrationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception andRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages6000 Anglo Neo-Europes Western Europe Latin Neo-Europes World average Southeast Asia China India 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Fig. 1.2 1850 1870 1900 1913 1930 Per Capita GDP in Regions of Emigration and Immigration Note: Calculated from data on GDP available in Angus Maddison’s www.ggdc.net/maddison. The category â€Å"Anglo Neo-Europes† represents the average for the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand; â€Å"Latin Neo-Europes,† the average of Argentina and Uruguay;

Effects of Technology on the Hr Function - 5406 Words

â€Å"Critically analyse the ways in which the increasing application of technology at work have an effect upon the HR function.† Word count: 3283 â€Å"Critically analyse the ways in which the increasing application of technology at work have an effect upon the HR function.† Critically analyse the ways in which the increasing application of technology at work have an effect upon the HR function. The use of technology within HRM has grown considerably within recent years with the majority of large organisations now using technology of some form within their HR function (CIPD, 2005). As HR becomes increasingly reliant on technology it is important to assess its effect upon the HR function. Firstly, consideration will be given to definition of†¦show more content†¦Ulrich (1997) has argued that HRM should become a strategic business partner, in addition to performing roles as administrative expert, change agent and employee champion. It has been suggested that the use of technology within the HR function may create the opportunity for HR to become more strategic by freeing up time through the automation of many administrative tasks (Parry et al. 2007). The provision of accurate and detailed information available through the use of HRIS could also enable HR practitioners to engage in a more strategic role as such data could be used to inform managerial decisions. The move to new service delivery models of HR and the development of technology can be seen as interdependent as without increasingly sophisticated technology the various elements of HR service delivery may not be as effective (Reddington, 2012). Drivers for introduction of technology can be described as being operational, relational or transformational (Kettley and O’ Reilly, 2003; Snell, Stueber and Lepak, 2002) Operational goals can be described as having a focus on reducing the administrative burden of HR and cost effectiveness, whilst enhancing the accuracy of data; relational goals relate to improving services for internal customers due to reported low levels of satisfaction with the HR function (Kyprianou,Show MoreRelatedSimilarly, With The Use Of Hr Outsourcing, Companies Increase1200 Words   |  5 PagesSimilarly, with the use of HR outsourcing, companies increase the likelihood of information leak that pose a major threat to the organization. The process of HR outsourcing and function may lead to loss of sensitive information that is vital to the company. Companies needs to closely guard their sensitive information to sustain their competitive advantage. The essence of outsourcing entails provision of bette r and quality services (RAFTER, 2016). To achieve this approach requires companies to shareRead MoreBuilding A Competitive Market Position Based On Value Propositions Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesexpectations such as reducing costs, speeding up processes, improving quality, and even gaining of more strategic role for HR within the organization .The use of Human resource information systems (HRIS) has been advocated as an opportunity for Human resource (HR) professionals to become strategic partners with top management. The idea has been that HRIS would allow for the HR function to become more efficient and to provide better information for decision–making. (Kashive) 2. Strategy — developing aRead MoreGeneral Dynamics Information Technology ( Gdit )1580 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment for more than 50 years. As information technology (IT) has transformed the way the U.S. military fights and wins wars and so too has General Dynamics by becoming one of top five market leaders in U.S. to provide mission critical information systems and technologies. (General Dynamics History) General Dynamics Information Technology (GDIT) has become the largest and fastest growing segment in General Dynamics. GDIT provides information technology (IT) systems engineering, professional servicesRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Management1498 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment no 3 REPORT ON A CURRENT ISSUE IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Prepared by: Muhammad Salman Sami Roll # 1301064 What is HRM? Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. CURRENT ISSUE IN HRM INTRODUCTION Fundamentally, HRM is based on the assumption that employees are individuals with varyingRead MoreEvaluation Of A Business Training1473 Words   |  6 PagesIncrement competency in companies Handling a variety of HR activities besides the core activity by employers would not bring useful consequences for organisations. Thus, by outsourcing, they can concentrate on their core competence which might be included in the application of various policies in different businesses. For instance, as stated by Belcourt (2006) designing products is one of the major activities in NIKE. Contracting out non-core HR tasks provides free time for managers to pay more attentionRead MoreThe Elements Of Globalization And Their Impact On Hr Functions1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe Elements of Globalization and Their Impact on HR Functions For businesses to compete in a global society, they need to integrate their current business structure into a more diverse culture. Since corporations are putting a stronger emphasis on diversity to stay competitive; globalization has impacted how these companies are managing its workforce. Firms that have a perception on the effects that globalization has on its human resources management, will help its managers to become better equippedRead MoreHow Globalization Effects Hrm Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesHow Globalization effects HRM The term Globalization has invaded the mind of every successful businessman and the concept of Global Village is a common issue in the modern business world. What really the globalization is? The answer seems simple if a firm or an organization expands its sales or production beyond the national boundaries, then it is globalization, but it does not cover the real meaning of the term. Globalization actually means more, much more than that; it is realizing that thereRead MoreGlobal Corporations Should Outsource Transactional Hr Functions1593 Words   |  7 Pagesglobal corporations should outsource transactional HR functions but not the whole HR department, and still it depends on the organization’s core competencies in the business environment. HR outsourcing has been a prevalent topic since 1980’s, MNC’s have been outsourcing various HR functions such as legal activity, recruitment, pension, benefits, payroll etc. as a means to cut costs and shift it to the expertise service providers. The literature on HR outsourcing consists of ample evidence that showsRead MoreHuman Resources Outsourcing Strategy, Questions and A nswers1317 Words   |  5 PagesQ.1 Discover the role of Human Resource (HR) outsourcing strategy to encounter the requisite for a more nimble personnel. Answer: Human Resources (HR) outsourcing strategy impulses to modify the concept of how talent is manage by the contribution of firms. To produce more agile workforce, a leading HR outsourcing discourse the requirement of efficient skills in an effective business environment. It improves the brand of employer and determine how outside world perceived by the workforce of company’sRead MoreThe Human Resource Function of a Retail Store885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Human Resource Function of a Retail Store Human resource manager’s role from the Human Resource Manager’s viewpoint is one that can be looked at from different angles. The different angles changes in a daily basis based on the challenges that the human resource manager faces. However the main responsibility of the HR manager is to recruit or hire potential employees who can fill positions in the organization, and ones that are qualified to perform the specific duties. It is also in line

The Mission Inaccurate Portrayals of the Guarani and...

The film â€Å"The Mission† (1986) was written by Robert Bolt and directed by Roland Joffe. It explores the various relationships distinguished between Spanish Jesuits and Indian (Guarani) civilization situated along the borders of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil around 1750. Although, as stated in the beginning of the movie that â€Å"The Mission† is â€Å"based on true historical events†, Bolt and Joffe distort the portrayal of the Guarani and Jesuit relationships. This essay will examine the distortions of the Guarani tribe and the inaccurate â€Å"historical† events that took place within the movie. Although many historical filmmakers alter some events and use fiction as a tool in providing an accurate historical representation, the makers of â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦Although these interpretations are wrong, a face painted Indian that hunts for food with a bow and arrow is more accepted than an Indian wearing pants and a shirt. This sim ple generalization could be a possible reason as to why Joffe and Bolt used Stereotyping within the film. A stereotypical Indian is a way of adapting to society’s image in order to make the film more understandable to the public. The Jesuit missionaries were also falsely represented in the film. They were rendered as heroic, very kind and almost Christ like in the movie. â€Å"They were martyrs and defenders of Indian rights.† They used nothing but the word and teachings of God to persuade the Guarani, and allowed the tribe to behave as they wished. Actual Jesuit missionaries of the 1700s did not defend Indian rights. With the development of missions, there came various rules and regulations that Jesuits and the Spanish were adamant on enforcing. Jesuits required that women wore cotton gowns and were not permitted to reveal private areas of the body. They also segregated males, females and children by gender. Women were placed in institutions in order to preserve their virginity for the reason that Jesuits believed it was honourable to become celibate. Joffe and Bolt illustrate that men and women were consistently in the presence of one another and often revealed their bodies. â€Å"The film overloo ks how catholic missionaries imposed more

perception on the functionality of the school library Essay

Chapter I Background of the Study A school library is a library within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of a public (state) or private (fee paying) school have access to a variety of resources. The goal of the school library is to ensure that all members of the school community have equitable access to books and reading, to information, and to information technology. A school library â€Å"uses all types of media are automated, and utilize the Internet for information gathering. School libraries are distinct from public libraries because they serve as learner-oriented laboratories which†¦show more content†¦A total of 400 usable responses were received. About 70% of the respondents were men and 50% of responses were from Osmangazi University. About 75% of respondents had used the library more than six times, and 51% of respondent s indicated they relied on the library staff when using the library. Moreover, about 35 of respondents said they intended to use the library in the future and recommended others to use the library. Sofi Zahoor Ahmad said that more than 89% rural and 90% urban schools claim existence of a library with no standard physical requirements and specifications, She condected a survey entitled A Survey of Senior Secondary School Libraries in Jammu and Kashmir India. This give her a conclusion that 89.55% are housed in insufficiently spaced single rooms within the schools while 5.47% are accommodated in principal offices where students always have inhibitions to go. However, a few schools 4.97% possess separate library blocks, though these also lack the basics of a library design. No significant difference is revealed while assessing the rural-urban statistics relating to the library housing and location. Jerome Idiegbeyan-Ose said that in Benin City, do not have a library period for the students, and as a result students can never be taught how to make use of the library. He conducted a survey entitled â€Å"A survey on the Present State ofShow MoreRelatedAbstract Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology1316 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ABSTRACT Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern Technology Based on the Perception of 2nd Year BSAMT Students in PATTS College of Aeronautics Gabriel Anselmo Renz Bautista Adrian Borja Wilfredo Buhayo III Gino De Jesus Patrick Domingo Statement of the Problem This study sought to identify the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology based on the perception of 2nd year BSAMT students. Specifically it answers the following questions 1. What are the reasons of the students inRead MoreE-Book Service: Situational Analysis1366 Words   |  6 Pagesrolling out these applications to other firms. This will lead to more schools using these solutions to target all of the different students around the country. (AIU Online, 2012) Next, these solutions could be introduced in the secondary and primary levels. This is when the e book service will transform the way schools are reaching out to students (via the latest technology). The way that this will be achieved is all these schools around nation will be targeted. This is an effective approach thatRead MoreThesis of Library System5258 Words   |  22 PagesAUTOMATED RECORD LIBRARY SYSTEM OF EMAR LEARNING CENTER: A SYSTEM PROPOSAL A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Intercity College of Science and Technology J.P Laurel St, Davao City In Partial Fulfillment To the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Submitted by: Rovilyn P. Abadia ABSTRACT This study entitled â€Å"Automated Record Library System of EMAR Learning Center† is about presenting a system that aims to automate the manual library record system of EMARRead More Management Study at a Library Essay examples2401 Words   |  10 Pagesthe real world. The site that we volunteered at was the Venice Library. Upon first arriving, our team thought that it was going to be a struggle to try and observe real life managerial workings at a library as compared to the other non-profits. However, we were gladly surprised at the amount of managerial applications and theories that we were able to see first hand. We were able to identify the organizational structure of the Library as falling under the new workplace category, as the branchRead MoreStudent Registration System8250 Words   |  33 Pages____________________________________ _______________________________ Member Member Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Computer Science Roger A. Lagarde School Director Date: ________________ CHAPTER I The Problem and its Background Introduction The importance of computers in our society today is simply cannot be overstated. Virtually, every sphere of activity is in some way affected by a computerRead MoreLudwig Mies Van Der Rohe3265 Words   |  14 Pages  this  essay   attempts  to  chart  the  transition  in  architecture  from  nineteenth  century   Romanticism  and  Neoclassicism  to  High  Modernism.  Mies  van  der  Rohe   redefined  architectural  boundaries  and  emphasised  the  beauty  of  simple  forms,   the  importance  of  functionality  and  the  versatility  of  new  materials  such  as   glass,  steel  and  marble.  An  analysis  of  the  work  of  Philip  Johnson  reveals  the   development  from  High  Modernism  to  Postmodernism,  where  playful  and   ironic  decoration  and  humanist  theories  were  reintroduced  into  what  had  Read MoreL udwig Mies Van Der Rohe3277 Words   |  14 Pages  this  essay   attempts  to  chart  the  transition  in  architecture  from  nineteenth  century   Romanticism  and  Neoclassicism  to  High  Modernism.  Mies  van  der  Rohe   redefined  architectural  boundaries  and  emphasised  the  beauty  of  simple  forms,   the  importance  of  functionality  and  the  versatility  of  new  materials  such  as   glass,  steel  and  marble.  An  analysis  of  the  work  of  Philip  Johnson  reveals  the   development  from  High  Modernism  to  Postmodernism,  where  playful  and   ironic  decoration  and  humanist  theories  were  reintroduced  into  what  had  Read MoreRelated Literature About Grading System4673 Words   |  19 PagesHedaya Alkhalifia is the first regular school be established in Bahrain, Its was established in 1919. T he education in Bahrain was limited to education in koranic schools who are studying the Koran. However, Al Hedaya Alkhalifia was limited to the teaching the children of rich people and the owners of the important centers in the country and then become the public from the people. Its a doubted by the ministry of education in Bahrain. as the time go the school has improved it teaching system andRead Moreâ€Å"Case Study and Scope of Enterprise Resource Planning (Erp)9096 Words   |  37 Pagesof Master of Business Administration SUBMITTED BY: PARAMPREET SINGH ROLL NO:-94302236209 MBA(2009-11) Under The Guidance of: ER. SHART SOOD CHANDIGARH BUSINESS SCHOOL LANDRAN (MOHALI) CERTIFICATE FROM PROJECT SUPERVISOR This is to certify that PARAMPREET SINGH student of CHANDIGARH BUSINESS SCHOOL, LANDRAN which is affiliated to PTU, Jalandhar has worked under my supervision on her project on entitled â€Å"CASE STUDY AND SCOPE OF ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) APPLICATIONRead MoreSharia Law And Islamic Law Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pagesthe vocal expressions of prophet Muhammad on divine life and his condemnation of immoral behavior that undermine the acceptable way of life. The teachings are accepted by the Muslim community who affirm that Muhammad’s teachings supplement the functionality of the Quran. On the other hand, the Quran, which forms the core reference on Muslim beliefs and regulations provides moral and spiritual guidance among the Muslims. It also dictates how the Muslims should interact with the non-Muslim community

The Pathways of Plant Water Movement Free Essays

Experiment 6- The Pathways of Plant Water Movement Aim: To investigate the movement of materials in xylem Materials: ?Fresh celery stalk with leaves ?Eosin solution (1%) ?A plastic container with tap water ?A sharp scalpel ?Hand lens ?A light microscope ?Two glass slides ?A cover slip Risk Assessment and Safety Precautions: Risk AssessmentSafety Precautions Eosin solution- can cause stainsAlways use gloves when handling Scalpel is dangerous and can cause cutsAlways handle carefully, with blade facing down. Be especially careful when walking with a scalpel. Glassware can break easilyBe careful with all glassware. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pathways of Plant Water Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now If cut, wash with water and seek advice to avoid infection. Method: 1. Obtain a fresh celery stalk and used a sharp scalpel to make a 45 degree angle cut under water, to prevent the air bubbles from blocking the xylem. Immediately placed the celery stalk in eosin solution and left it overnight. 2. Removed celery stalk from the eosin solution and used a scalpel to cut a very thin, transverse section of the celery stem. 3. Placed the thin sample on a clean slide and covered it with a cover slip. Observed the sample under high magnification using a light microscope. 4. Drew the observation under a high power. 5. Located one vascular bundle and peeled it longitudinally in the stained region. Made a wet mount of the longitudinal tissue and observed it under a microscope. Results: Transverse (Low):Transverse (High): X40X400 Longitudinal (High): X400 Questions/ Discussion: 1)What general stem structures were stained? What tissues in these structures were most heavily stained? The general stem structures stained were the cell walls of the xylem. The base of the celery stem was most heavily stained. )What statement can you make regarding the transpirational pathway of water in a plant? Even root distribution is important for both water and nutrient uptake, because of the movement of water and nutrients in the soil and in the plant xylem,, even root distribution is important. The The xylem pathway is a continuous column of water, which is not broken by bubbles, and contained in a ce llulose pipe which the walls are porous in places. 3)What was the purpose of this exercise? The purpose of this exercise was to observe and investigate the movement of materials (in this case, water) in xylem. How to cite The Pathways of Plant Water Movement, Essay examples

Alternative Cinema Essay Example For Students

Alternative Cinema Essay The term alternative cinema has certain connotations. To many, it is notalternative, instead it is the way cinema was meant to be viewed, in that theviewer should be able to define the film in their own personal terms. In thefollowing essay, I will firstly examine what the term alternative cinema means,and secondly how Brechts theories are evident in many elements of the filmsthat have been pigeon-holed as alternative cinema. The word alternative isdescribed in Collins English Dictionary as: Denoting a lifestyle, culture,art form, etc., regarded by its adherents as preferable to that of contemporarysociety because it is less conventional, materialistic, or institutionalised,and, often, more in harmony with nature.(Makin, 1992) This is an extremelyuseful definition, as the word ?alternative has been used to describe aform of medicine or therapy, and even forms of energy. ?Alternativemedicine examines the persons physical well-being, and uses acupuncture,feng-shui, massage, and many ot hers, as techniques to alleviate disease. ?Alternative energy is energy created from what surrounds us, such as,wind, the sea and the tides; it is energy that brings us in alignment withnature. The word ?alternative in these forms looks at natural processesfound in nature. A number of films from around the world can be pigeon-holed asalternative cinema, that is, the cinema that rejects the mainstream approach offilmmaking. It is not a particular method of making films because many of thesefilms are very different from each other and use differing approaches. alternative cinema does not look at a particular way of doing things but aparticular way of not doing things. the Brechtian aspect of making films centreslargely on the theoretical and creative side of film-making, therefore, many ofthe films said to be alternative, in terms of production, cannot be discussed interms of the work of Bertolt Brecht. Bertolt Brecht was born in Germany in 1898,and has been cited as the driving force behind what is commonly known as the?epic theatre. Brechts ethos centred around bourgeoise theatre, whichthrough the elaborate sets and acting style helped to allow the audience toconsider what they are seeing, rather than a simple attempt to create reality. The bourgoise theatre did this by presenting storylines and characters that theaudience could empathise with and not presenting a simple construction ofreality. The audience were pushed to evaluate the piece and no longer treated itas simple entertainment. I once stood, with a friend, in front of a painting bythe Italian painter, Gustave Cailebotte. The painting was called ?Paris: On ARainy Day, and to me the paintings use of drab colours and suffused light,plus the details of Cailebottes characters, distinct in the foreground yetblurred in the background, gave me a sense that I was a Parisian walking throughthose streets. I could not focus on what lay beyond, and was justsingle-mindedly getting to where I was going. The rain had turned Paris into acity that conflicts with the Paris that we all know, a Paris that welcomes youwith open-arms, a friendly Paris full of sunshine. This to me was theanti-Paris. In short, my belief was that Cailebotte was attempting to expressthe wonder of P aris through challenging what Paris is not. My friend on theother hand believed that Cailebotte was destroying the notion of Paris as a citywhere the sun always shines, where the scenery is beautiful and the streets arefull of friendly faces. This to him was the back-end of Paris, where the localsnever wore smiles and walked about their daily business unaware of how the otherhalf lived. This to him was the real Paris. This incident perfectly illustratesthe essence of alternative cinema, enabling the consumer to personally interpretthe film. It should be possible for two people to walk out of the film withtotally differing views on what they have just seen. It is up to the audience tounravel the film, not the film to unravel itself. Brecht himself remarked thatEpic Theatre: turns the spectator into an observer, but arouses his capacityfor action, forces him to take decisions the spectator stands outside,studies. (Brcht, 64) When the Hollywood studio system started in the 1920s,certai n techniques and standardised operations grew from this. Up until thispoint most film-making was said to be experimental. However, with the advent ofthe major five studios (Paramount, MGM, RKO, Warner, Fox) and the minor threestudios (Universal, United Artists, Columbia), a divide between what can beclassed as ?alternative and what can be classed as ?mainstream cinemaappeared. There was an ?assembly line technique of production within thefully integrated studios and their sole aim was economical rather than artistic. Mass production was the vogue. Henry Ford made cars for the masses the studiosmade films for the masses. The studios tried to open a fictional world and dragthe audience inside by hiding the technical side of film-making. They wouldobide by specific rules of operation, such as the 180? rule (A line is drawnthrough the action in which the camera cannot cross, thus keeping the rightperspective on the action) and the 30? rule (The camera cannot cut to more thanthirty degrees around the axis of an object), to name just a few. Temporalcontinuity kept the story flowing in the right direction, and all thesetechniques helped the audience to be totally absorbed in the action on screenand to believe in the fictional narrative. In contrast to this, it was Jean-LucGoddard who remarked that his films are more essayistic lessnarrative than ever before, have become a continuous free-form commentaryon art, society, memory and, above all, cinema. (Romney, J) This way ofthinking was largely foreign to Hollywood and the mainstream film-makers, andthis quote typifies the ethos of the alternative film-makers. To exemplify themethods of the mainstream filmmakers versus the alternative filmmakers we cansimply look at the film, Cape Fear. The 1962 version of this film by J. LeeThompson works on the Hollywood ethos of equilibrium. The sugar coated portrayalof family life, is soon followed by the disequilibrium caused by the entry ofMax Cady and then the film ends with the equilibrium that returns when Cadydies. In the 1991 version, Martin Scorsese, its director, who although notgenerally classed as an alternative filmmaker, is classed as an auteur in thathis films are personal journeys, and express personal beliefs. His version ofCape Fear begins with a family already in disequilibrium and the entry of Cadyexacerbates this. Cady eventually dies and an equilibrium is found that was notevident at the beginning. The film of Scorsese can be seen as working in themainstream because of th e happy ending but still does not follow standardisednarrative procedure. This method of working is indicative of the modernfilm-makers move away from what is generally thought of as mainstream, andinstead illustrates a newly realised technique of storytelling. Peter Wollenremarks that The beginning of the film starts with establishment, which setsup the basic dramatic situation usually an equilibrium, which is thendisturbed. A kind of chain reaction then follows, until at the end a newequilibrium is restored. (Wollen, 99). Scorseses Cape Fear does appear tohave an economic purpose above everything else and closure gives the mainstreamfilm its own reality, with nothing existing ouside its own bounds, and no needto reach ouside this perimeter to find closure. Mostly, Mainstream cinema isfictional entertainment and its aim is to be unchallenging and above allenjoyable, with social and political issues largely ignored and evenbiographical and true-life films presented as simple repres entations, all thisdiffers from what the documentary film and alternative cinema is trying toachieve. The acting style withing the Brechtian film should have an?alienating effect on the audience. The actors would use various techniquesto seperate themselves from the characters they were playing. Lines weredelivered as if simply quoting from the script, which had the effect ofseperating the actor from the part they were playing. It would disregard the 4thwall of the theatre and address the audience directly. I will now look at Germanexpressionism (commonly cited as alternative cinema) and in particular RobertWienes Cabinet of Dr Caligari. This film displays many elements of Brechtiantheory, with its distorted view of reality. One reviewer started his critiqueby saying: Is the film what it is on the surface? Is Francis a madman who hasconcocted the story? Or is it yet again reversed, with the framing device anepilogue which illustrates how corrupt power protects itself? or, again, can anypart of the story be believed? Could some aspects be true and others false? Books: A Long Way Gone and The Bite of the Mango example EssayIn short, each period of history has its own beliefs and values inapplicable toany other, so that nothing can be understood independently of its historicalcontext; Brecht called this ?Historicization. In Not Reconciled, thenarrative flits around between differing time periods and does not clearlyseperate each period from the next, therefore, alienating the audience from theevents on screen. The actors in Not Reconciled spout their lines as if recitersof written dialogue. Through this the audience, become aware of the expectationsof film acting and then they broaden these expectations which again helps toalienate them. Brecht only briefly toyed with the film industry, making the leftwing communist picture Kuhle Wampe, yet his theories were applied liberally bythe French New-Wave cinema and can be seen as early as German Expressionism. TheGerman New-Wave cinema of the 1960s also displayed many of BertholtBrechts theories, with directors such as Alexander Kluge displaying theseideas in films such as Disorientated. The film Disorientated was typified byepisodic narrative, alienating acting and the seperation of sound and image. alternative cinema is not just a term used to describe French, German and Sovietcinema, although these were simply the countries most renowned for this type ofproduction. Countries such as Brazil, Iran, India and Britain have all producedfilms classed as alternative or new-wave. The Brechtian philosophy, if used inthe production of film, will nearly always get the film the title of alternativecinema because the concepts of pleasure, spectacle and identification all take abackseat whilst the differing concepts of alienation, sporadic and episodicnarrative take the front seat and help the audience to understand the film onmany differing levels. Many barriers have been broken down in recent years withdirectors such as Quentin Tarantino offering Jean-Luc Goddard as a majorinfluence in his work. Yet he is still classed as Mainstream because his filmsgain high box-office receipts, although, at the same time, garnering ?cultstatus. The film-makers that emerged through the seventies, for exa mple StanleyKubrick, Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Copolla and Arthur Penn, all displayedprominent anti-Hollywood threads. Yet their box-office returns proved that theso-called Hollywood rules of production set up in the studio years, can beignored and a specific effect achieved. These directors were great innovatorsyet still gained huge box-office returns, which forged the alliance between thealternative and the mainstream. Hollywood is still concerned with the economicside of film-making yet it has been shown to be possible to innovate and alsoside with the mainstream movement. BibliographyMakins, M (Managing Editor) (1992) Collins: English Dictionary. HarperCollinsPublishers Bordwell, D Thompson, K (1997) Film Art: An Introduction. McGraw-Hill. Willett, J (1964) Brecht on theatre. Methuen. Cook, P (1999) TheCinema Book. Elsaesser, T From anti-illusionism to hyper-realism: Bertolt Brechtand Contemporary Film. Brewser, B (1975-76) Brecht and the Film Industry. Screen. 16(4). Heath, S (1975-76) From Brecht to Film: Theses, Problems. Screen. 16(4). MacCabe, C (1975-76) The Politics of Seperation. Screen. 16(4). KuhleWampe. (1974) Screen. 15(2). Kreidl, J, (1980). Jean-Luc Godard. Boston: TwaynePublisher. Internet Resources Romney, J. Praise be to Godard. The Guardian/TheObserver Visited Apr 2000 URL: http:// www.filmunlimited.co.uk/ Feature_Story/interviewBrown (1998)The Cabinet of Dr Caligari. The Magic of the Movies Visited. Apr2000. URL: http://members.aol.com/aechrist/6/das.html Filmography A Bout deSouffle (1960) Directed by Jean-Luc Godard. Written by Jean-Luc Godard. French:Les Films georges de Beauregard, Imperia, Societe Nouvelle de cinematographie,societe Nouvelle de Cinema. The Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1920) Directed by RobertWiene. Written by Hans Janowitz Karl Mayer. Germany: Decla-Bioscop KuhleWampe (1932) Directed by Slatan Dudow. Written by Slatan Dudow BertoltBrecht. Germany Switzerland: Praesens-Film AG, Prometheus Film. NotReconciled (1965) Directed by Daniele Huillet Jean Marie Straub. Writtenby He inrich Bolle Daniele Huillet. West German: Unavailable. Vent DEst(1969) Directed by Jean-Luc Godard ; Jean0Pierre Gorin Written by SergioBazzini ; Daniel Cohn Bendit. French: Film Kunst, Anouchka Films, Polifilm.

Modern Technology

Question: Discuss about theModern Technology. Answer: Introduction: Since ancient times, technology has been progressing in a logical way where each discovery is leading on from its predecessor (Roco and Bainbridge 2013). Since the period when human discovered fire till the current age, technology has been related to invention. Technology has evolved with the years and is capable of increasing the capabilities of human. It can be applied to the individuals fulfilling their needs and requirements of their day to day activities in their lives. Modern technology is, thus, an advancement of the old technology. The main application of the use of the modern technology is in facilitating the daily life activities of the individuals. Although, there have been considerable accomplishments in the field of technology and innovation, there has been debate on the impact of modern technology in human life. Evolution of Modern Technology Humans have been involved with the larger ecological and geographical range since their emergence about 60,000 years ago (Stewart and Stringer 2012). The humans started occupying every terrestrial habitat including the remote places in the globe by about 10,000 years ago. This accomplishment requires them to implement an unparalleled feat of adaptation where humans were required to adapt to the vast range of different environments including the hot dry deserts, unproductive forests and arctic tundra. Here, the use of technology came into existence. According to Boyd, Richerson and Henrich (2013), this utilization of technology provided them with spears and bows and arrows at the later stage to process kills and hides. These tools helped them in shaping wood and bones which enabled them to make their own shelter and clothing. Moreover, the technology also gave them fire making paraphernalia which helped them in cooking food, and provided them with heat and light. At the later stage, t he handicraft technology provided them with the slings, pottery and baskets which facilitated the storage and transport. Boats, fishhooks and cordages helped them in expanding their ranges to oceans and lakes. This technology also enabled them to exploit on the costal habitats which were richer in protein. According to Brandon (2014), the technological adaptation had been specific to local environments owing to the issues that were required to be solved had been varying from place to place. The technology also helped the humans in regulating their body temperatures and getting food in even the extreme situation. From the evolution of humans till the 21st century, the technology has evolved with a blinding speed. The 20th century saw huge evolution within a few generations. The number of transistors incorporated on an integrated circuit has doubled every 18 months for almost five decades (Boyd, Richerson and Henrich 2013). According to Hakansson (2015), the rates of the development of technology has been much faster than the rates of generic adaptation in humans. The utilization of the modern technology can be described below as: Easy Access to Information The major achievement of the modern technology is the invention of the broadband internet. According to Hersberger (2013), with the invention of internet, the individuals can get access to the required information at any instant of time from anywhere around the world. Moreover, the invention of smart gadgets has facilitated the easy access of the internet and has simplified the way the individuals get information. Encouraging Innovation and Creativity According to Chesbrough (2013), the modern technology involves the innovation process and hence, it requires the individuals to exploit on their creativities at the full potential. As for example, it had been very difficult to even start a business for the individual in the past as it required lot of capital. Besides, these individuals also had limited access to the information related to the businesses well. Today, the individuals with the same capabilities can start their own business by selling their works online. This helps in encouraging creativity in them. Improved Communication According to Knapp, Hall and Horgan (2013), the communication is a very important aspect for the development of mankind. The advanced communication tools have been blessed by the modern technology. The communication devices include the e-mail, mobile phones, e-fax machines, video conferencing and social networking applications. The modern technology facilities the invention of theses technology tools for simplifying the way the human communicate among each other. All these modern technologies helping in reducing down the geographical gap by allowing the communication for the individuals who are located at distant places. Convenience of Travelling The handicraft technology had been helpful in with the slings, pottery and baskets which facilitated the transport system back in the medieval period. According to McClellan III and Dorn (2015), this handicraft technology has been modernized with the advent of the modern technology wherein it became very easy to travel to even longer distances. With the invention of electric trains and airplanes, people can travel to far places within a few minutes or hours. Improved Lifestyle and Housing According to Abbaszadeh, Moghadam and Saadatian (2013), the technology can be applied to the individuals for fulfilling their needs and requirements of their day to day activities in their lives. The main application of the use of the modern technology is in facilitating the daily life activities of the individuals. The implementation of the new architectural technology has improved the types of houses being built nowadays. Most of the household items in the houses of the individual are automated. This has been the boon of modern technology. Improved Entertainment The modern technology has played a major role in transforming the entertainment industry. According to Martin and Ertzberger (2013), the integration of the advanced information technology has embanked the individuals to select the items which they intend to buy without having to go to a physical music store. Moreover, the home entertainment has helped in innovating the audio and visual systems like video games, music and televisions which can be shared over a network by connecting with the internet. Efficiency and Productivity The modern technology has also helped in increasing the production of business. According to Dogramaci and Fre (2012), most of the business organizations today, have been utilizing the modern technology. This has helped them to make the hard work simpler. Moreover, the results are also very significant. As for example, the utilization of modern technology in the farming sector not only helps in saving time but also helps in reducing down on the cost involved with the process. This would, in turn, help the farmers to gain some additional profit at the end. Convenience in Education Learning is a process and it has become a part of our daily lives. According to Kukulska-Hulme (2012), the utilization of the modern technology has helped the life of the students to become simpler by facilitating the learning process through the application of online education. Moreover, the modern technology also helps the students to learn in a better way. A for example, the utilization of gadgets including the iPads and laptops have been helping the students to gain access to the shared visual lessons in the classroom. Social Networking Modern technology has also been helping in discovering old friends and new people in the network. According to Bijker et al. (2012), the social media and networking have also been utilized by many business organizations for promoting their services and products online. Moreover, many organizations utilize the social networking for interacting with the customers as well. This, social networking is the fastest mode of communication wherein an individual can interact with the others in all sort of ways. Health Industry Most of the hospital today, have also been utilizing the modern technology to keep the medical records of the patients, doctors and employees working in the organization. According to Street, Gold and Manning (2013), the implementation of the automation system in the business process of the hospital have made the data manipulation and storing to become simpler. Moreover, the utilization of the modern technology in the surgical rooms including the CT Scan, MRI, and other devices have reduced down the errors made by the doctors. Several researchers are also of the opinion that the modern technology may result in the issues which could be devastating for the not only the humans but also for the entire world. Some of the curse of the modern technology and its implications has been described below. Competency According to King et al. (2013), the increased dependency on modern tools like the use of computational devices including the calculators have reduced the creativity of humans. The authors further argue that the individuals who solve the problems with the aid of any calculating device have reduced chances of enhancement of their respective creativities. Thus, according to the authors, the modern technology increases the dependency on modern tools and hampers with the growth of brains in the individuals choosing the technology. Destructive Weapons Modern technology has been utilized by many political powers across the globe to forecast their prowess in the field. It has also been linked with the endless wars. According to Horowitz and Narang (2013), the modern weapons can be destructive if fallen in the hand of criminals or any individuals who are having illegitimate motives. Thus, the modern technology is always linked with the production of destructive weapons including the nuclear bombs and other biological weapons that are capable destroying the entire world. Summary From the analysis of the above discussion, it can be evident that the technological change is gradual and has been facilitating the innovation for supporting the daily life activities of the humans. Since the evolution of humans till the 21sts century, Technology has evolved with eh years and is capable of increasing the capabilities of human. The main application of the use of the modern technology is in facilitating the daily life activities of the individuals. Although there have been considerable accomplishments in the field of technology and innovation, there has been debate on the impact of modern technology in the lives of humans. The literature has been able to illustrate on the impacts of the technology in the modern life. It should be noted that the technology can be boon and curse at the same time depending upon the nature of the usage of the same. The literature helped in demonstrating the different situations where the modern technology has been acting as a boon the huma n society. It also illustrated some of the major drawback of the modern technology if not properly handled. However, if we neglect some of the issues related to the utilization of the modern technology, it could be stated that the modern technology has been providing benefits for the humans since their evolution. It should be noted that if we do not control the usage of the modern technology, we may end up harming ourselves, our society and environment as well. References Abbaszadeh, S.H., Moghadam, M.K. and Saadatian, O., 2013. Analyzing a Proper Flexible and Adaptable pattern For Promoting the Housing Quality in Iran. Journal of Design+ Built, 6. Bijker, W.E., Hughes, T.P., Pinch, T. and Douglas, D.G., 2012. The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology. MIT press. Boyd, R., Richerson, P.J. and Henrich, J., 2013. The cultural evolution of technology: Facts and theories. Cultural evolution: society, technology, language, and religion, pp.119-142. Brandon, R.N., 2014. Adaptation and environment. Princeton University Press. Chesbrough, H., 2013. Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. Dogramaci, A. and Fre, R. eds., 2012. Applications of modern production theory: efficiency and productivity (Vol. 9). Springer Science Business Media. Hakansson, H. ed., 2015. Industrial Technological Development (Routledge Revivals): A Network Approach. Routledge. Hersberger, J.A., 2013, October. Are the economically poor information poor? Does the digital divide affect the homeless and access to information?. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of CAIS/Actes du congrs annuel de l'ACSI. Horowitz, M.C. and Narang, N., 2013. Poor Mans atomic bomb? exploring the relationship between weapons of mass destruction. Journal of Conflict Resolution, p.0022002713509049. King, A.L.S., Valena, A.M., Silva, A.C.O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M.R. and Nardi, A.E., 2013. Nomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments or social phobia?. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), pp.140-144. Knapp, M.L., Hall, J.A. and Horgan, T.G., 2013. Nonverbal communication in human interaction. Cengage Learning. Kukulska-Hulme, A., 2012. How should the higher education workforce adapt to advancements in technology for teaching and learning?. The Internet and Higher Education, 15(4), pp.247-254. Martin, F. and Ertzberger, J., 2013. Here and now mobile learning: An experimental study on the use of mobile technology. Computers Education, 68, pp.76-85. McClellan III, J.E. and Dorn, H., 2015. Science and technology in world history: an introduction. JHU Press. Roco, M.C. and Bainbridge, W.S., 2013. The new world of discovery, invention, and innovation: convergence of knowledge, technology, and society. Journal of nanoparticle research, 15(9), pp.1-17. Stewart, J.R. and Stringer, C.B., 2012. Human evolution out of Africa: the role of refugia and climate change. Science, 335(6074), pp.1317-1321. Street, R.L., Gold, W.R. and Manning, T.R., 2013. Health promotion and interactive technology: Theoretical applications and future directions. Routledge.